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NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – PTERIDOPHYTES The Pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals. Evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem. The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may …
NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – BRYOPHYTES Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. They usually occur in damp, humid …
NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – ALGAE Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in a variety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear). The form and size of …
NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – PLANT KINGDOM – INTRODUCTION In the previous chapter, we looked at the broad classification of living organisms under the system proposed by Whittaker (1969) wherein he suggested the Five Kingdom classification viz. Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae. We must stress here that our understanding of the plant kingdom has …
NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION – VIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS AND LICHENS In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no mention of lichens and some acellular organisms like viruses, viroids and prions. These are briefly introduced here. All of us who have suffered the ill effects of common cold or ‘flu’ know …
NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – KINGDOM PLANTAE & KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM PLANTAE Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms commonly called plants. A few members are partially heterotrophic such as the insectivorous plants or parasites. Bladderwort and Venus fly trap are examples of insectivorous plants and Cuscuta is a parasite. The plant cells have an …
NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – KINGDOM FUNGI – Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms. They show a great diversity in morphology and habitat. You must have seen fungi on moist bread and rotten fruits. The common mushroom you eat and toadstools are also fungi. White spots seen on …
NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – KINGDOM PROTISTA All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Protista, but the boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined. What may be ‘a photosynthetic protistan’ to one biologist may be ‘a plant’ to another. we include Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans under Protista. Members of Protista are primarily …
NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – KINGDOM MONERA Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera. They are the most abundant micro-organisms. Bacteria occur almost everywhere. Hundreds of bacteria are present in a handful of soil. They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other …
NCERT 11TH STANDARD BIOLOGY – BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION – INTRODUCTION Since the dawn of civilisation, there have been many attempts to classify living organisms. It was done instinctively not using criteria that were scientific but borne out of a need to use organisms for our own use – for food, shelter and clothing. Aristotle was the …